Research Journal of Psychology

A Review of Antidepressant Medications in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: Effectiveness vs. Side Effects

2025-07-02T08:49:49+03:00

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) remains one of the most prevalent and disabling psychiatric illnesses worldwide. Pharmacological treatment options include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Each class has unique efficacy and side effect profiles.

Objective: This systematic review aimed to compare the effectiveness, tolerability, and safety of SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and MAOIs for treating MDD in adults.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search (2010–2022) was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses evaluating efficacy and adverse effects. Data were extracted and analyzed descriptively; pooled effect sizes were calculated where appropriate.

Results: SSRIs demonstrated the highest average effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.75), followed by SNRIs (0.68), TCAs (0.60), and MAOIs (0.55). Common side effects included sexual dysfunction and nausea with SSRIs and SNRIs, while TCAs and MAOIs were associated with sedation and weight gain. Younger men showed higher responsiveness but also reported more severe side effects.

Conclusion: SSRIs remain the most effective and commonly prescribed treatment for MDD, though their side effect profile affects adherence. Personalized treatment approaches and further research are needed to optimize outcomes.

Evaluating the Anxiety and Depression Level Among General Surgery Patients Attendants In Tertiary Care Hospital Lahore, Pakistan

2025-07-02T09:09:47+03:00

Background: The hospitalization and surgical treatment of patients not only affect the individuals undergoing surgery but also place a considerable emotional and psychological burden on their attendants. Attendants often experience heightened levels of stress, anxiety, and depression due to concerns about the patient's health, possible complications, and outcomes. Understanding the relationship between the patient's health status and the mental well-being of their attendants is essential for providing holistic care and improving both patient and family outcomes.

Purpose: To evaluate the anxiety and depression level among the general surgery patient’s attendants.

Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in a tertiary care hospital with a sample of 53 attendants selected using simple random sampling. The levels of anxiety and depression have been assessed using validated scales Generlized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23.

Results: The findings of this study revealed that all depression and anxiety questions received favorable answers from the majority of respondents, with a score of (43%) depressive and (34%) anxiety symptoms. While 13% participants have no depression symptoms and (8%) have no anxiety symptoms.

Conclusion: The study concluded that majority of participants have experienced high level of anxiety and depression. These results highlight the need for targeted psychological support and interventions to address the mental health challenges faced by attendants in surgical settings.

Relationship between Cognitive Load and AI Dependence among University Teachers: Moderating role of Decision Making Styles

2025-07-03T09:06:46+03:00

As the highly robust environment of higher education keeps progressing, university instructors face increasing cognitive imposition due to their multi-role task nature and growing integration of technology in learning. This study investigates the relationship between cognitive load, decision making styles (rational, intuitive) and dependence on artificial intelligence (Al) among university teachers. Data were collected from 240 faculty members of both public and private sector universities in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. A cross-sectional survey design was employed and the Cognitive Load Theory was implemented. Cognitive load (NASA-TLX), Al dependence, and decision-making styles (rational and intuitive) were assessed using standardized instruments. Results established a significant positive correlation between cognitive load, decision making styles and AI dependence. The findings highlight the need for proficient cognitive strategies and measured integration of Al in educational settings to prevent over-reliance and preserve critical thinking. This research contributes to the literature on educational psychology and technology integration and offers practical implications for policy makers and educators in curating focused interventions and training programs to enhance decision-making competence and manage cognitive demands in academic environments.

Balancing Roles: The Impact of Multitasking, Work and Social Adjustment on Decision Making among Married Working Women

2025-07-05T09:31:58+03:00

This study conducted to investigate the relationship and explores how multitasking and ability to adjust to work and social environment impact the decision making among married working women in Pakistan. A cross sectional correlational design is used and collection of data is accomplished through a structured-questionnaires including Everyday Multitasking Scale (EMS), Work and Social Adjustment (WSAS) and Decision Style Scale (DSS) which measure both intuitive and rational decision styles. Questionnaire were distributed by using a purposive sampling among 500 married working women from different job sectors including educational sector that encompassing teachers, lecturers and from medical profession that include nurses, lady health workers, bankers and from women who are in business profession. This study provide insight on women who married more than ten years and their work experience more than eleven years are better in multitasking and performance and their rational decision making strong who have work experience from six to ten year and have less than two years of marriage and work experience from 0-2 years showed better adjustment also strong rational decision making. This study give insight to monitor development over time and investigated how decision making quality of married working women is affected by multitasking and adjustment skills.

Organizational Culture and Financial Management as Determinants of Faculty Performance: Evidence from Public Sector Universities in Pakistan

2025-07-06T20:02:18+03:00

This study investigated the effects of organizational culture on the performance of faculty members in public sector universities in Pakistan. The research aimed to identify key indicators contributing to organizational culture, examine its nature, and assess its relationship with faculty performance. Employing a mixed-methods design, data were collected through custom-designed inventories and structured interviews from ten public sector universities across five regions. The instruments measured physical, organizational, social, and psychological dimensions of organizational culture, including variables such as autonomy, flexibility, communication, and team orientation. Data was Analyzed on univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistical techniques. Findings revealed that organizational culture is a multidimensional construct significantly influenced by demographic variables, and components such as empowerment, coordination, adaptability, and student focus were positively associated with faculty performance. The study concluded that organizational culture plays a critical role in shaping faculty outcomes and that strengthening institutional cultural traits is essential for improving effectiveness in higher education. These findings have implications for policy reforms aimed at enhancing institutional leadership, faculty development, and academic excellence.

Optimism, Resilience, and Psychological Well-Being among Female University Students

2025-07-07T19:06:07+03:00

Optimism, resilience, and psychological well-being are crucial for achieving academic success among university students. This study aimed to explore the interconnection between optimism, resilience, and psychological well-being specifically among female university students. Additionally, it identified the impact of resilience and optimism on psychological well-being. The research involved 300 female students from the Government Sadiq College Women University in Bahawalpur, Pakistan, utilizing a quantitative approach and a convenient sampling technique. Data collection involved questionnaires comprising informed consent and demographic information. The study employed the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) to gauge optimism, the Brief Resilience Scale to measure resilience, and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) to assess psychological well-being. The findings of the study reveal a significant correlation between resilience, optimism, and psychological well-being. These results carry substantial implications. Addressing optimism, resilience, and psychological well-being among female students can uncover the intricate relationship between optimism and psychological well-being while promoting resilient mindsets among university students.

An Assessment Case Report of Special Child with Behavioral and Learning Disorders

2025-07-10T16:42:31+03:00

A child R.H is 12 years old boy, who was brought by his father to slow learner’s institute Muzaffargarh for admission and assessment. He was drop out from general education school. The reason for refer to special education school due to his hyperactive and disturbing behavior. Complaints regarding class fellows (physical and verbal fights abusive language) Lack of interest in studies, carelessness in hygiene and concentration problems. Which was diagnosed later un-specified Attention –Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. The psychologist used clinical interview with mini mental stat examination. Behavioral observation, Ravens colored progressive metrics (CPM) for diagnosis. Slossons’s intelligence test was administered to determine the I.Q of the child with curriculum base short assessment test with slow learner screening tool was administered to measure child intellectual level .Screening tool result was moderate to severe in cognitive, academic domains results also shows disturbance in social and emotional domains. Therapeutic techniques include structured targeted individual sessions, rapport building, planned ignoring (dramatic behavior), positive reinforcement, functional communication training were used to work on presenting complaints behavior. Differential instructions method and targeted curriculum modification was done for improvements in educational learning difficulties. Post assessment done on the end of the therapy and interventions. Results shows significant improvements in behavior as reported by the parents’. A significant and gradually improvement shows in his educational results.

Understanding Perceptual Illusion in Children with Special Needs: A Comparison

2025-07-11T15:58:51+03:00

Purposes: The study aimed to investigate perceptual distortion of visual illusion in children with special needs and mainstream school children.

Method and Material: A sample of N=54 (17 Down Syndrome, 10 Slow Learner and 27 Mainstream Children) with the age range of 6-14 years (Mage =10, SD = .49) were participated in the present study. Data was obtained from different special education and mainstream schools of Jhelum and Sara-I-Alamgir. Quasi experimental research design was used, and purposive sampling strategy was implemented. Poggendorff illusion experiment (1) was used for measuring visual illusion.

Results: There were significant mean age differences on reaction time 1 but non-significant gender differences. Outcome further revealed that there were significant difference in reaction time 3 in mainstream school children and children with special needs.

Conclusion: It was concluded that Down syndrome and slow learner were more perceptually distorted on visual illusion then mainstream children.

Effects of Teacher Competency on Teachers’ and Students’ Self-Esteem and Academic Performance: Evidence from Public Primary Schools in Karachi

2025-07-11T19:59:02+03:00

This research explores how teacher competency influences students’ academic performance and self-esteem while also examining how a teacher’s self-esteem affects their teaching abilities. The goal was to identify how various factors like teacher confidence, teaching methods, school support, and professional development contribute to better learning outcomes for students. This study is not just about identifying gaps but about understanding the broader dynamics that shape effective teaching and learning. The intent of this research was to shed light on what truly makes a difference in the classroom. It seeks to answer key questions: How can teachers improve their skills? The research is grounded in literature that highlights the vital role of teacher competency in shaping a positive learning environment. Previous studies emphasize that a teacher’s ability to connect with students, explain concepts clearly, and provide constructive feedback plays a significant role in their success. Literature also suggests that when teachers feel supported and have access to training, their confidence grows, leading to better outcomes for students. However, challenges such as resource constraints, lack of professional growth opportunities, and inconsistent support from school administration remain barriers that need attention. The findings of this study are based on surveys and interviews with teachers, students, parents, and school administrators. They reveal a strong connection between teacher competency and student progress. Competent teachers not only improve academic performance but also boost students’ confidence and engagement in the classroom. Teachers shared that professional development programs, regular feedback, and school support are essential for their growth. Parents and students highlighted how approachable, well-prepared teachers make learning easier and more enjoyable. Meanwhile, school administrators pointed to the importance of collaboration, teacher evaluations, and a positive school culture in maintaining teaching standards.

Effect of ICT Equipment and Teaching Resources on the Academic Performance of Grade IX Public Secondary Schools in Karachi

2025-07-11T20:12:22+03:00

Secondary public schools in Karachi were facing the problem that they did not have resources of teaching in their computer labs due to which student suffered and their academic performance was affected. Teaching effectiveness depends upon the resources of teaching or ICT equipment such as lack of computers in computer laboratories. Internationally, research proved that the importance of ICT equipment and used of ICT can enhance the academic performance of public school students. MS Word, MS Excel, PowerPoint and computing practices are some of the tasks in computer laboratories. It is also believed that public school student’s achievement rate could be increased to improve the results. The purpose of this study was to augment the importance of computer usage in public schools and integrate it in teaching. Effective teaching could be done by the ICT. Teachers of public schools in Karachi somehow are not aware how to integrate teaching through ICT training session for effective academic performance. The method of collecting sample in this research was qualitative in nature. During the survey of the study, participants were asked questions. The study was carried out in Major Ziauddin Din Abbasi Secondary Public School. Data was collected and used for analyzing. Sample size for students was 20, while teacher’s sample size was 40. Out of 40 teachers, 19 teachers were from Public schools and 21 teacher from private school. There were two variables in this research; one was independent variable which was equipment of ICT and rest results and performance of students dependent variable. The study focused on the fact that If ICT equipment were available in computer school computer laboratories, effective teaching would be done as it would enhance the student's academic performance. In case of unavailability of ICT equipment, neither effective teaching would be done nor the student's performance would be increased. If one thing increased, the other thing would increase or if one thing decreased, the other thing would decrease too. In this study, the researchers found out the relationship between the ICT equipment or teaching resources in computer laboratories and how they affected the student's academic performance and effective teaching. This study revealed that there was significant relationship between ICT and students’ academic performance. Both students of secondary public school and teacher of both public and private sector confirmed that ICT has a direct effect o students’ learning skills. Training sessions regarding ICT could also be done for both students and teacher for integration of ICT in education.

The Correlation Between Social Media Usage and Imposter Syndrome Among College Students in Islamabad: Exploring the Role of Class Level (HSSC 1, HSSC 2) Differences

2025-07-12T14:01:17+03:00

In today’s digital age, academic meritocracy dictates self-worth creating fertile ground for the proliferation of Imposter Syndrome - a psychological phenomenon characterized by pervasive feelings of fraudulence and incompetence, despite evident accomplishments. Global research suggests that multiple sociocultural factors play a role in the development of this pressing psychological struggle, among which social media usage is of notable importance. Social media usage can either amplify self-doubt, or reduce it by providing emotional support and reassurance. This study aims to examine the intricacy of this relationship among Pakistani college students. A quantitative cross-sectional design was adopted, and data was collected from a sample of 300 first-and second-year college students in Islamabad through convenience sampling. A statistically significant correlation between imposter syndrome and Social media usage was reported, however, individual differences were also observed. This study offers a critical, empirically grounded perspective on imposter syndrome in Pakistan, bridging the fields of developmental psychology, digital behavior, and sociocultural research. It informs of the need to curate culturally adaptive interventions designed to proactively manage this phenomenon before its full-blown manifestation in an era where academic excellence and online validation are deeply intertwined.

Economic Stability and Relationship Quality: Exploring the Effects of Husbands’ Employment on Marital Satisfaction in Low Socioeconomic Status Couples

2025-07-14T20:58:14+03:00

This study aims to research the connection between employment status of husbands with marital satisfaction among the couples in lower socio-economic status. It is assumed that there is a critical change between marital satisfactions of couples with relation to employment status of husband. A sample of N=100 couples (husbands and wives) consisting of n= 100 males and n=100 females (employed and unemployed both) aged from (20-59) i.e. early and middle adulthood, taken from the lower socio-economic status which is obtained through purposive and snowball sampling technique. Data has been collected from couples by using the Locke & Wallace Marital Adjustment Test (Urdu version). Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to compute the results and analysis was done using independent sample t-test. Analysis revealed there is no significant difference between marital satisfaction of couples with relation to employment status of husband. Other possible factors that might be significant for marital satisfaction of couples in the current study are discussed. Limitations and suggestions for future studies are also mentioned.

Role of Modern Teaching Approaches in Drought and Water Distribution on Earth in Students’ Learning in Social Studies at Grade-VIII: An Analysis

2025-07-16T08:56:29+03:00

The study aimed to analyze the, “Role of Modern Teaching Approaches in Drought and Water Distribution on Earth on Students’ Learning in Social Studies at Grade-VIII: An Analysis”. Objectives of the study were to analyze the role of modern teaching approaches in Social Studies on students’ learning at Grade-VIII. This survey-based study utilized both quantitative and qualitative methods (QUAN-qual.), with a sample consisting of 20 Head Master, 60 Junior Elementary School Teachers, and 320 Elementary school children - for a total sample size of 400 individuals. The researchers followed L.R.GAY's sampling chart when selecting participants. Research tools included questionnaires based on three parts: Part-1 Demographic; Part-2 Closed-ended; and part-three Open-ended questions from sampled Head Master & JESTs .Additionally an observation sheet was used for data collection specific to Elementary class children. To ensure validity & reliability all research tools underwent pilot testing as well ensuring their accuracy through expert opinion while also having using Cronbach Alpha calculations to test questionnaire reliability. SPSS-24 statistical software was employed during analysis which involved utilizing relevant formulas such frequency measurement percentage measures standard deviation etc.

Cognitive Flexibility and Social Adaptability in Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder

2025-07-22T20:19:19+03:00

The present study investigated the inter relationship between cognitive flexibility and social adaptability in persons with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), Social Functioning Questionnaire (SFQ), and Borderline Symptom List (BSL-23) were administered to 70 participants between the ages of 18–45 years. There was no correlation between cognitive flexibility and social adaptability. Despite this, a large positive correlation between social adaptability and severity of BPD symptoms was established, indicating that individuals with more severe symptoms can exhibit increased social responsiveness as a mechanism of coping. Gender differences were also noted: females displayed markedly higher social adaptability than males, whereas no significant difference in cognitive flexibility was established between genders. These results underscore the contradictory and multifaceted nature of social functioning among BPD patients, emphasizing the need for accounting for symptom severity and gender in designing interventions. There is a need for future studies to explore these dynamics longitudinally and across more heterogeneous samples.

The Relationship between Perfectionism and Mental Toughness Among Athletes

2025-07-22T20:23:22+03:00

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between perfectionism and mental toughness among athletes. Athletes often face psychological pressures that can impact their emotional stability and mental resilience in high-performance sports environments. perfectionism was able to push an athlete to be good, it can foster stress or burnout as well, even leading to the failure of the athlete. On the other hand, mental toughness helps athletes to concentrate, be strong, and composure when pressurized. A correlational research design was used in the study and the sample size was purposively composed of 150 athletes between and aged 18 and 37. There were two standardized self-report questionnaires completed (Perfectionism Performance Scale-Sport (PPS-S12) and Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ-14). Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and a simple linear regression was used to analyze the data. he findings indicated a significant positive correlation between perfectionism and mental toughness. A regression analysis indicated that perfectionism was a significant predictor of mental toughness with 50.3 per cent being explained. It has implications for clinical and sports psychologist, coaches and trainers in creating interventions and training programs to add at least mental resilience. Future studies should discriminate between adaptive and male adaptive perfectionism to more clearly understand their distinctive contribute mental toughness. Limitation national and international athletes should have already had built in greater psychological strength through experience this might impact outcomes.

Generational Trauma Effect on Paranoia in the Clinical Population

2025-07-22T20:33:47+03:00

Generational trauma, also known as intergenerational or transgenerational trauma, implies the transmission of psychological distress and emotional patterns from one generation to the next, arising from events like war, displacement, abuse, and systemic oppression. This study examines how generational trauma results in paranoia among clinical populations. A quantitative research design was used, using purposive sampling. The sample included aged 18-40 years old male and female participants who were selected with clinically diagnosed Anxiety Disorders, Panic Disorders, and Paranoid Disorders. Data were collected in the hospital and private clinic settings of Lahore and Islamabad, which were analyzed using correlation and regression. Prior the findings revealed a non-significant relationship between Generational Trauma and Paranoia. The growing awareness of generational trauma, the relationship with paranoia, remains understudied, particularly in South Asian clinical populations.

Effect of Digital Pedagogy on Students’ Interest in Learning During their Elementary Schooling

2025-07-23T09:45:36+03:00

The purpose of the study is to explore as whether the students taught through digital tools and those taught through routine teaching in classroom, differ in their interest in learning. The implied logic behind the assumed variance in the learning interest is to harness the increasing trend of using digital media among young ones, for the purpose of learning. The exclusive humanized and teacher centered instruction is insufficient to teach the generation - Z, particularly for engaging them through their mind and body in the classroom. To address the given challenge, the present study was conducted through implementing digital pedagogy, to channelize students’ interest in computer science learning through blended approach. There were two groups, one was taught through routine i.e., teacher centered approach while the other through digitalized instruction. For four weeks, the stated intervention continued, to diagnose the impact of the digitalized pedagogy as compared to the exclusive humanized instruction. A learning related interest inventory was developed by the researcher, consisting of five factors including motivation, focus, curiosity, class participation/collaboration and, attention. The results of the collected data which was analyzed through paired sample t-test, reflect significant difference in the level of students’ learning interest taught trough digital pedagogy and routine i.e., teacher centered teaching. Hence the application of interactive and engaging digital tools are more helpful to foster greater student interest and participation in the teaching learning process.

Examining the Role of Artificial Intelligence Chatbots in Enhancing University Students' Interpersonal Skills and Academic Performance

2025-07-23T09:48:06+03:00

This study explains how AI-powered chatbots can help university students in Pakistan improve their academic performance and social skills. It is set in a time when AI is changing the way schools work. A cross-sectional poll included 300 undergraduate students from a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds (57.3% male and 42.7% female). We employed standardized self-report instruments such as the Chatbot Engagement Scale, the Academic Self-Perception Subscale of the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire, and the Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire. The results showed that pupils who used chatbots a lot did much better in school and improved their social skills more than students who didn't use chatbots as much. There were no significant differences in academic achievement based on gender, but there were differences in how women and men interacted with one another, showing that cultural differences affect how chatbots help people express themselves and develop socially. Moderate favorable relationships were found between using chatbots, doing well in school, and growing as a person. These results support the use of AI chatbots as teaching tools that help with cognitive tasks and promote social and emotional growth, especially in situations when traditional classroom participation is limited by culture or logistics. We talk about what this means for Pakistani colleges' policies on AI literacy, ethical use, and policy frameworks.

Gender Differences in Social Media Engagement and Its Psychological Consequences: A Sociological Study of Undergraduate University Students in District Faisalabad

2025-07-24T09:44:26+03:00

Social media's widespread impact has changed how university students around the world communicate, collaborate academically, and interact with one another. However, there is still growing concern about the psychological effects of excessive engagement. Through a comparative analysis of gender and institutional context (public versus private universities), this quantitative study examines the psychological effects of social media use among undergraduate students in District Faisalabad, Pakistan. The study used correlation survey and sampled 200 undergraduate students from four institutions (two public and two private), evenly distributed by gender and university type. Yamane's formula was used to determine the sample size. Survey instruments measuring the degree of social media engagement, psychological distress (as measured by validated anxiety and depression scales), and academic stress were used to gather data. To examine the effects of social media usage, gender, and institutional type on psychological outcomes, descriptive and inferential statistical techniques such as two-way ANOVA, independent samples t-tests, were employed. Results showed that, in comparison to their male peers, female students frequently reported higher levels of psychological distress, emotional exhaustion, and anxiety related to social media use. Furthermore, students at private universities used social media more intensely and suffered from much worse psychological effects than those at public universities. The most vulnerable subgroup, according to interaction effects, was female students at private universities, who showed the highest levels of distress across all psychological measures. This study emphasizes how crucial it is to place the psychological effects of social media within the intersecting frameworks of institutional affiliation and gender. In higher education settings, the findings urge the adoption of institution-specific digital literacy programs, gender-sensitive mental health services, and evidence-based digital wellness initiatives. These interventions are essential for reducing the negative impacts of social media and creating more positive learning and psychological environments for students in Pakistan and similar situations around the world.

Fear of Negative Evaluation and Self-Esteem as Predictors of Desire for Fame in Young Adults

2025-07-26T12:09:18+03:00

The study aimed to explore fear of negative evaluation and self-esteem as predictors of desire for fame in young adults. It also identifies fear of negative evaluation and self-esteem as the predictors of desire for fame. The convenient sample of 200 young adults (120 males, 80 females) aged 18-30 years (M =20.77) (SD =1.57) were taken from Sahiwal District. The research design was correlation to collect data on fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem and desire for fame. Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (Leary, 1983), Rosenberg Self- esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965) and Desire for Fame scale (Gountas et al.,2012) were administered. Correlation analysis obtained showed that fear of negative evaluation had high negative correlation with self-esteem and positive correlation with the desire to achieve fame. The desire to be renowned as the product of fear of negative assessment and self - esteem in young adults. The multilevel linear regression analysis has indicated that fear of negative evaluation was significant positive predictor of desire to become famous among young adults. The independent sample t-tests provided significant differences between males and females in regard to genders experiencing fear of negative of evaluation, self- esteem, and desire of fame claiming that male is significantly likely to exhibit desire of fame than females. The results helped to learn more about the links of these variables to each other and about the necessity to concentrate on them within the framework of psychological interventions and support actions towards young adults.

Relationship Satisfaction as Mediator of the Relationship between Interpersonal Communication and Relationship Commitment

2025-07-28T16:27:17+03:00

The present research investigated the relationship between interpersonal communication, relationship satisfaction and commitment in young adults. It was hypothesized that there would be a positive significant relationship between interpersonal communication, relationship satisfaction and commitment in engaged young adults. Moreover, relationship satisfaction would mediate the relationship between interpersonal communication and commitment. Using convenient sampling technique 100 engaged young adults were drawn from university and general public of Lahore with age range (M=23.46, SD = 2.6). The Interpersonal Communication Motive Scale (Robin et al., 1988), Satisfaction Scale (Burns, 1993) and Commitment scale (Rusbult et al., 2009) were used. The results indicated a significant positive relationship between study variables, furthermore Process Mac was used to assess the mediation and the findings indicated the presence of partial mediation of relationship satisfaction. These findings have important implications for the significance of interpersonal communication before marriage between engaged young adults for the satisfaction and commitment with relationship in future.

Mental Fatigue, Sleep and Student Success: Psychological Predictors of Academic Performance in Higher Education

2025-07-30T12:45:24+03:00

The current study examined mental fatigue and lack of sleep symptoms as psychological indicators of academic achievement among Pakistani university students. Convenience sampling was used to select 800 students (320 males and 480 females) aged 18 to 25 from various disciplines at the University of Gujarat. Participants completed the Mental Fatigue Scale (Johansson & Rönnbäck, 2014) and the Insomnia Severity Index (Bastien et al., 2001), and academic performance was measured using self-reported GPA from the most recent semester. Statistical studies, including Pearson correlations and multiple linear regression, demonstrated that both mental tiredness (β = -0.41, p <.001) and insomnia severity (β = -0.36, p < 0.001) substantially predicted lower academic achievement. These covariates explained 29% of GPA variance (R² = 0.29, F(2, 797) = 162.84, p <.001). Mental exhaustion and sleeplessness were found to have a high positive connection (r =.52, p <.001), suggesting a similar impact on cognitive and academic performance. These findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive psychological wellness programs focusing on sleep health and fatigue management to enhance student achievement in Pakistan's higher education settings.

Impact of Online Self-Presentation on Fear of Missing Out and Self-Esteem Among Young Adults: The Mediating Role of Social Comparison

2025-08-01T10:52:12+03:00

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between online self-presentation, Fear of missing out (FOMO) and self-esteem, considering social comparison as a mediator. A quantitative research design was employed, consisting of 200 young adults selected through convenience sampling from four institutions in Islamabad. The administered questionnaires included POSSA, FOMO, Rosenberg self-esteem scale and INCOM. Pearson’s correlation, linear regression, mediation analysis, independent samples t-test, ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of online self-presentation on FOMO, self-esteem, and social comparison, as well as influence of demographic factors involving gender, educational level, and institutions. Results indicates a significant positive relationship between online self-presentation, FOMO, and social comparison as a mediator. While, online self-presentation had a moderate positive correlation with self-esteem. The study highlights the need for social media literacy, developing interventions for healthier online behaviors, addressing online social comparison tendencies, guidance for policy makers, mental health interventions, and educational initiatives to address these issues.

Social Anxiety and Quality of Life among Female Adolescents with Premenstrual Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study

2025-08-01T14:49:46+03:00

This cross-sectional correlational study investigated the relationship between premenstrual syndrome (PMS), social anxiety, and quality of life (QOL) among adolescent females age ranging 13 to 16 from three districts in Punjab, Pakistan Gujrat, Jhelum, and Mandi Bahauddin. A total of 566 school and madrasah-going girls were selected through convenience sampling. Validated tools including the WHOQOL-BREF, Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents, and the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale were used to assess respective variables. Data analysis via SPSS (Version 21) using non-parametric tests revealed significant variations across demographic and institutional lines. PMS symptoms were more prevalent among urban and madrasah students, while social anxiety was higher in rural and school-going girls. Furthermore, QOL was comparatively lower in urban and school populations. The findings highlighted that PMS significantly contributes to elevated social anxiety and reduced QOL, emphasizing the need for early awareness, mental health support, and targeted interventions for adolescent girls in diverse educational settings.

The Science of Misremembering: Causes, Consequences, and Correction of False Memories

2025-08-02T08:36:49+03:00

False memories—distorted or entirely fabricated recollections of past events—are a significant concern in cognitive and applied psychology. This quantitative study examines the psychological causes, consequences, and possible correction strategies for false memories in adult individuals. A sample of 300 participants was surveyed using a standardized instrument designed to assess factors such as suggestibility, cognitive bias, emotional influence, and exposure to misinformation. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression techniques. Results indicate a strong positive correlation between suggestibility and false memory formation, while emotional intensity and repeated exposure to misleading information were also significant predictors. Furthermore, corrective interventions like source monitoring training and metacognitive awareness were found to reduce the persistence of false memories. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of memory distortions in psychological functioning and have implications for forensic psychology, educational practices, and therapeutic interventions.

Exploring Cognitive Overload, Social Conformity, and Emotional Labor in the Age of Social Media among Pakistani Professionals

2025-08-02T08:47:33+03:00

As social media becomes increasingly integrated into work life, this study examined the mental costs of using digital tools at work for Pakistani professionals. It focused on cognitive overload, emotional labor, and social comparison as signs of job burnout. The study employed a cross-sectional design with 223 participants to test a moderated mediation model and compare the groups. The results showed that cognitive overload was a strong predictor of burnout, and emotional labor played a small role in this connection. Additionally, comparing yourself to others on social media exacerbates the link between emotional labor and burnout, suggesting that digital comparisons can worsen the situation. Employees in the public sector reported much higher degrees of burnout than those in the private sector. Male professionals also had more emotional repression and cognitive stress than female professionals. These results highlight the importance of organizations establishing guidelines for digital wellness and providing training on emotional management. Culturally sensitive therapies that deal with gendered norms and pressures that are specific to certain sectors are especially important for reducing burnout in workplaces that are full of technology.

Cognitive Fusion Social Anxiety and Rejection Sensitivity in Young Adults with Visible Physical Disabilities

2025-08-02T09:04:41+03:00

Young adults in Pakistan with visible physical disabilities often encounter psychological challenges, particularly in social interactions. This study examined the relationship between cognitive fusion, social anxiety, and rejection sensitivity within this population. Cognitive fusion involves a strong attachment to distressing thoughts, which may contribute to emotional and interpersonal difficulties. A cross-sectional design was employed and 149 participants aged 18 to 26 were recruited through purposive sampling from various rehabilitation centers and disability organizations in Lahore. Standardized instruments—the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ), Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), and Adult Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (A-RSQ)—were used for assessment. Data were analyzed using Spearman rho correlation and bootstrapped linear regression through SPSS version 27. Results indicated a significant positive correlation between cognitive fusion and social anxiety, while no significant relationship was found with rejection sensitivity. These findings suggest that psychological interventions should be tailored to address identity-related cognitive patterns among youth with visible physical disabilities to promote mental well-being.

Building EFL Lexicon for Early Childhood Learners: A Mixed Method Approach

2025-08-03T09:38:02+03:00

This study examines the processes, techniques, and pedagogical frameworks essential for developing an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) lexicon for early childhood learners. Considering the Crucial phase of language acquisition during early childhood, cultivating a strong and age-appropriate EFL vocabulary might markedly improve learners' subsequent linguistic proficiency and cognitive development. This research examines lexical acquisition in EFL contexts for children aged 3 to 8, utilizing theories of first and second language acquisition, schema theory, and socio-cultural learning frameworks. The study employs mixed methodologies, such as classroom observations, vocabulary evaluations, and teacher interviews, to review current lexical input models, pinpoint issues in early EFL instruction, and recommend tactics specifically designed for young learners. These encompass multimodal input, narrative techniques, total physical response (TPR), and gamified education. The Results indicate that lexical training should be integrated inside contextually rich, emotionally stimulating, and culturally pertinent content to guarantee retention and application. The paper contributes to applied linguistics by offering a practical model for EFL lexicon development grounded in interdisciplinary insights. The implications extend to curriculum designers, early childhood educators, and language policymakers aiming to enhance EFL education in multilingual environments.

Unveiling Corporate Transparency: Ownership Dynamics and Earnings Manipulation in Stock Markets

2025-08-04T15:14:59+03:00

This research examines how corporate transparency and ownership patterns affect earnings manipulation in Pakistani publicly listed companies using a dynamic panel framework. A two-step system GMM estimator is employed, analyzing data from firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange between 2008 and 2018. Findings indicate that robust corporate transparency significantly reduces earnings manipulation. Enhanced disclosure practices lead to decreased managerial discretion in smoothing earnings, suggesting that firms with greater transparency experience lower levels of earnings management. Additionally, ownership structures, such as those dominated by family or institutional investors, exert a significant negative effect on earnings manipulation. These factors establish an effective governance mechanism that curbs managerial control over earnings. Consequently, the study highlights that strong corporate disclosure combined with family or institutional ownership plays a pivotal role in minimizing earnings management practices within the Pakistani market.

HUMANS ARE ANIMALS: A Comparative Analysis of English and Punjabi Metaphors

2025-08-06T15:52:28+03:00

Animal metaphors are shaped by cultural history, and although different cultures may share the same animal metaphors, their meanings can vary significantly. These metaphors function as rhetorical devices to conceptualize HUMANS AS ANIMALS. The present study explores the use of animal metaphors in both English and Punjabi, analyzing them through the lens of native speakers interpreting humans as animals. The study also intends to investigate whether there are some similarities or disparities in the use of animal metaphors in both the languages. The data is collected from Punjabi dictionary and English research articles. The theoretical framework applied is the Great Chain of Being Metaphor (Lakoff & Turner, 1989) and Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980). The findings reveal that while both English and Punjabi utilize different animal metaphors to conceptualize humans as animals, there are both similarities and discrepancies in the conceptualization of animals as human being on the basis of cultural difference and the experiences. These differences highlight how animal metaphors can be culturally specific, resulting in varied interpretations across cultures. Such comparative research can help foreign language learners become more familiar with cultural elements, including the figurative meanings of expressions involving animals, as seen in metaphors.

The Effectiveness of Teaching Theory of Mind Curriculum to Influence the Social Skills, and Autistic Traits among Children with Autism: A Systematic Review

2025-08-07T08:31:27+03:00

This systematic review focuses on the efficiency of using a Theory of Mind (ToM) curriculum in teaching children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to apply social skills and decrease autistic characteristics. By analyzing eight well-designed studies using randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental, and single subjects, the results indicate that ToM intervention may have an effect in social relationships, emotional comprehension, and thinking with reference to perspective. There is a gap in generalization and long-term retention of skills learned under the ToM in autistic children for short term courses. Individual interventions, as well as parental involvement, seem important in ensuring progress in the long-term. The review acknowledges the lack of longitudinal study to focus on durability, transferability, and the unique enabler approaches that can fix varying ToM dimensions and social deficits among children with autism. In general, the studies of ToM curricula have potential but require additional adjustment and investigation to be used widely and efficiently.

The Interplay of Helicopter Parenting, Self-Concept, and Rule-Breaking Behavior in Adolescent Males

2025-08-07T08:39:17+03:00

This study investigated the relationships among helicopter parenting, self-concept, and rule-breaking behavior in 300 adolescent boys (aged 16-18) from private and government colleges in Toba Tek Singh and Lahore, selected via multistage sampling. Data were collected using the Perceived Helicopter Parenting Scale (PHP), Self-Concept Scale (SCS), and Rule-Breaking Behavior Scale (RBBS), with 150 students from each institution type. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between positive self-concept (PSC) and rule-breaking behavior, but a negative relationship with negative self-concept (NSC) and helicopter parenting by fathers. No significant link was found between helicopter parenting and rule-breaking behavior, reflecting Pakistan’s collectivistic culture where familial oversight mitigates deviance. Multiple Hierarchical Linear Regression identified PSC as a significant predictor of rule-breaking behavior. Adolescents in private colleges exhibited higher PSC and more rule-breaking than those in government colleges, while large family sizes correlated with increased NSC. Second-year students showed higher NSC and slightly more rule-breaking than first-year students. These findings highlight the influence of parenting and self-concept on adolescent behavior, suggesting the need for culturally tailored intervention programs and workshops to raise parental awareness. Future research should include both genders to explore these dynamics further.

Beliefs About Love Marriage: Development and Validation of a Psychological Questionnaire

2025-08-09T14:22:02+03:00

In the Pakistani cultural context, love marriage often perceived as a challenge to traditional norms, family expectations, and societal cohesion. Despite the increasing visibility of love marriages related beliefs and attitude discrepancy among young educated populations there has been a lack of culturally sensitive psychological tools to systematically assess beliefs regarding love marriage. Recognizing this gap, the present study aimed to develop and validate the Positive and Negative Beliefs about Love Marriage Questionnaire (PNBLM-Q) an indigenous, psychometrically sound measure that captures the nuanced perspectives individuals hold toward love marriage in Pakistan. The scale was developed through a rigorous multi-phase process including qualitative interviews, thematic analysis, expert review, and empirical validation. A total of 312 participants (aged 18–35) took part in the study. Exploratory factor analysis supported a two-factor model reflecting positive and negative belief dimensions, accounting for 58.8% of the total variance. Both subscales demonstrated high internal consistency (α = .92 for positive beliefs, α = .89 for negative beliefs). The two subscales were significantly negatively correlated (r = –.23, p < .01), suggesting that individuals who hold stronger positive beliefs tend to endorse fewer negative beliefs. Gender analysis revealed that females reported significantly higher positive beliefs than males, while no significant difference was observed in negative beliefs. The PNBLM-Q offers a culturally grounded and empirically validated tool for researchers, clinicians, and counselors seeking to understand how evolving social norms, emotional expectations, and traditional values shape attitudes toward love marriage in contemporary Pakistani society.

Threats to Coping: The Combined Effects of Vicarious Trauma and Alarm Fatigue on Health Care Professionals

2025-08-14T13:01:29+03:00

Aim

This study examines the connection between vicarious trauma, alarm fatigue, and coping self-efficacy in healthcare workers. It aims to explore how these stressors impact healthcare workers' psychological resilience and capacity to manage workplace demands.

Method

A quantitative research methodology was employed, utilizing a structured questionnaire distributed to a sample of 200 healthcare workers. The questionnaire assessed levels of vicarious trauma, alarm fatigue, and coping self-efficacy.

Results

The findings revealed a strong negative correlation between vicarious trauma and coping self-efficacy. Additionally, alarm fatigue was shown to exacerbate this negative relationship. Specifically, healthcare workers experiencing higher levels of both alarm fatigue and vicarious trauma reported significantly lower coping self-efficacy.

Conclusion

These results are consistent with previous research highlighting the risks of burnout, compassion fatigue, and decreased job performance among healthcare professionals. The study emphasizes the urgent need for targeted interventions to mitigate the effects of vicarious trauma and alarm fatigue and to enhance healthcare workers' coping abilities.

The Role of Materialism and Brand Consciousness in Shaping Adolescence Life Satisfaction

2025-08-15T16:05:33+03:00

Growing materialism and brand awareness is spreading fast in modern society and especially in the lower middle-class adolescents. The exposure to social media and the perceived symbolic worth assigned to the brands have triggered youths to perceive branded products as signals of quality, status and personal prestige. The culture change has led to increased aspect of materialism whose nature threatens to erode life satisfaction and give rise to the maladaptive behaviors. However, little empirical analysis on these relationships has been done in the local setting. This study was intended to focus on exploring the connections between materialism and brand consciousness with life satisfaction in adolescents and gender differences in the former variables. It was 300 adolescents (155 males, 145 females). Life satisfaction was measured with Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, 1985), brand consciousness with Consumer Style Inventory (Sproles and Kendall, 1986) and materialism as by means of Material Values Scale (Richins and Dawson, 1992). Each of the measures showed sufficient reliability. The results of the correlational analysis indicated that brand consciousness was strongly related to life satisfaction and materialism was statistically significantly related to life satisfaction. The independent samples t-test revealed materialism scores of males were much higher in comparison to females but life satisfaction and brand consciousness were the same among both genders. The results also point to the balancing effect of consumer related values on the well-being of adolescents and possible intervention in forming a balanced consumer attitude during early stages of development.

Impact of Animation Technique on Students Academic Achievement in Chemistry at Secondary Level

2025-08-15T16:36:30+03:00

The study's goal was to determine how animation techniques affected the academic performance of ninth-grade secondary school students in Multan. In addition to testing null hypotheses, three objectives and research questions were posed and addressed. The study used a non-randomized pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design. The population consisted of male ninth-grade chemistry students in the Multan Secondary School district during the 2021–2023 school years. Traditional methods were used in the class labeled as the control group, while the lectures in the class designated as the animation group were delivered using animation techniques through animated videos by LCD. Eighty-five (85) students from two complete classes were sampled. The Chemistry Achievement Test (CAT) is one of the instruments used to collect data. The research questions are answered using statistical tools such as percentages, mean (x̅), and standard deviations. The research hypotheses were analysed using the independent sample t-test and the paired sample t-test. The study's conclusions showed that using animation as a teaching method could improve students' chemistry performance.